Ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus
Interested in what archaeology can tell us about the historicity of the Exodus?
In this free eBook, learn about the Israelites in Egypt and the archaeological context of the Exodus.
The Exodus is one of the most dramatic events in the Hebrew Bible—the slavery of the Israelites in Egypt and their miraculous escape across the Red Sea. It is traditionally viewed as the single event that gave birth to the nation of Israel. Is there archaeological evidence for the Exodus, and for Israelites in Egypt?
The Biblical narrative of the Exodus is a fascinating account that can be supplemented by additional historical sources. This free eBook, taken from articles in Biblical Archaeology Review magazine, considers texts and archaeological evidence from the second millennium B.C.E. that describe Israel in Egypt and the Exodus.
Chapter 1
In “Out of Egypt,” James K. Hoffmeier questions how likely is it that the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt. And if they were there, which way did they go when they left? Hoffmeier uses recent archaeological excavation data from Egypt to shed new light on the slavery of the Israelites in Egypt, the locations mentioned in Exodus and the route the Israelites took out of Egypt to the Promised Land.
Chapter 2
Abraham Malamat’s article “Let my People Go and Go and Go and Go” questions the historicity of the Exodus. Malamat suggests that once we give up the search for a single, dramatic Exodus, the evidence for a more subtle image of ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus—one dispersed over time—will emerge.
Chapter 3
Finally, in “When Did Ancient Israel Begin?” Hershel Shanks takes a new look at the late-13th-century B.C.E. Merneptah Stele, which has long been considered the earliest reference to Israel outside of the Bible. But now three German scholars say they may have found another hieroglyphic inscription almost 200 years older naming “Israel.” This new archaeological evidence of the Israelites in Egypt suggests that the Bible may be more accurate than some thought.
This free eBook shares new archaeological evidence for the Israelites in Egypt, and reshapes understandings of the historicity of the Exodus.
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The Exodus of Moses according to ancient historians (https://www.academia.edu/145273748/)
This article examines ancient historical accounts describing the Exodus of Moses from Egypt, focusing on Greek and Egyptian sources written between the 5th century BCE and the early Roman period. While Herodotus was unaware of a Hyksos expulsion, later authors such as Hecataeus of Abdera, Manetho, Diodorus of Sicily, Strabo, Ptolemy of Mendes, and Tacitus provided diverse narratives linking Moses and the Jews to significant political upheavals in Egypt, often associating them with the Hyksos or groups expelled for religious or social reasons. These accounts, though shaped by cultural and ideological biases, consistently attest to a mass departure from Egypt led by Moses and situate the event near the reign of Ahmose (c. 1530 BCE). By comparing these external traditions with the biblical narrative, the article highlights convergences, discrepancies, and the evolution of the Exodus story in the historiography of antiquity.